所谓抽象名词是指那些表达抽象概念的名词，例如imagination，flexibility，consumption，philosophy等。由于英美人重逻辑思维，而*人重形象思维，反映在语言上，英语的重心经常落在抽象的事物或概念上，而汉语则侧重强调具体的事物。因此在翻译抽象名词时我们应该遵循这样一个基本原则，即把抽象意义具体化，把抽象名词转化为具体名词或含有具体特指性的词。
定语从句在英语中运用频繁，是翻译中的一个重点和难点。在翻译时，由于中英文在表达上有一定的差异，不能将它们都译为汉语的定语，而应根据具体情况采取适当的方法。在翻译定语从句时，我们经常采用的翻译方法包括：
(1)前置法
把英语原文的定语从句翻译成带“的”的定语，放于被修饰的词之前，将英语原文的复合句翻译成汉语的简单句。这种方法一般用于比较短的限制性定语从句。一些较短的、描述性的非限制性定语从句也可以采用前置法，但限制性定语从句使用得更加普遍。
This is the book which has been recommended for every doctor.这就是推荐给每位医生读的书。
真题分析
The scientists say that those gestures，movements and SO on have meaning which words
do not carry.
【答案】科学家们说，这些姿态、行为等，有着话语所不能承载的含义。
【解析】句子宾语部分中的定语从句较短，可以翻译成前置定语。
(2)后置法
定语从句较长时，如果翻译成前置的定语，就会不符合汉语的表达*惯。在这种情况下，往往把该定语从句翻译成并列的分句，放于原来它所修饰的词语的后面。
He is a student whose parents are very rich.他是名学生，父母非常有钱。
真题分析
Children do not have enough experience to realize that TV shows present an unreal world;that TV advertisements lie to sell products that are sometimes bad or useless.
【答案】孩子们没有足够的经验来判断出电视呈现的现实是不真实的;电视广告为了卖产品而欺骗宣传，而这些产品有时是坏掉的，有时是毫无用处。
【解析】分号后的句子中包含一个定语从句，翻译时进行了后置。
(3)融和法
即将原句中的主语和定语从句合译成一个独立的句子。这种方法主要适用于There be结构和主语中含有“有、知道、要求、认为”等谓语动词的情况。
America has a social system which differs in many respects from your own.
美国的社会制度在许多方面与贵国的有所不同。
(4)转类法
即把那些兼有状语功能，在意义上表示原因、结果、让步、目的、假设等关系的定语从句译为汉语中相应的偏正关系的复句。
Tom，whose parents got divorced，was brought up by his grandmother.
汤姆的父母离婚了，因此他是由祖母带大的。
真题分析
Used to TV shows, where everything is quick and interesting, they do not have the
patience to read an article without pictures, to read a book that requires thinking, to listen to a teacher who doesn' t do funny things like the people on children' s pro grams.
【答案】孩子们适应了电视节目，在那里面，一切都是迅速和有趣的，他们没有耐心读没有图片的文章，也没有耐心读需要自己思考的图书，也没有耐心聆听老师，因为老师不能像儿童节目里的人物一样做一些滑稽的事情。
【解析】原文中包含多个定语从句，翻译时要根据不同的情况采取不同的方法。
译定语从句时，确定定语从句的先行词极为重要，而作出正确判断的关键就在于：分析句子的结构和熟悉划线的句子所出现的上下文。另外，我们还需要注意一些比较复杂的定语从句结构，比如说定语从句里又含有定语从句的情况。在翻译这类句子时，考生应该注意灵活运用我们在前面讲述的一些翻译技巧，尤其要注意分析各个定语从句之间的逻辑关系，这样才能灵活翻译。
英语状语从句有很多种，可以表示时间、原因、条件、让步、目的等等。通过比较可以发现，英语中状语从句用在主句后面的较多，而汉语的状语从句用在主句前面的较多。了解了这些差异，就可以比较顺利地进行英汉翻译的转换。因此，在翻译过程中，多将状语从句放在主句前面。
We have been friends since we were nine or ten.从九岁或十岁开始，我们就一直是朋友。
I cannot work out the problem because it is too difficult.这道题太难了，我做不出来。
真题分析
1.Even though a government reafizes the importance of a plentiful sup* of trees，it is difficult for it to persuade the villagers to see this.
【答案】即使一个*意识到树木充足的重要性，但要他劝说村民们也认识到这点却很难。
【解析】首先通读句子，发现此句是由even though引导的让步状语从句。从句是个简单句，主句是it作形式主语引导的主语从句，其中第二个it指代前面的thegovernment，this指代的前面所说的the importance of a plentiful sup* oftrees。importance可以翻译成名词“重要性”，或者可以转化词类，翻译成形容词“…很重要”。
2.so，unless the government has a good system of control，or can educate the people，
the forests will slowly disappear.
【答案】所以，除非*有好的控制体系，或者能教育好民众，否则，森林将会缓慢地消失。
【解析】此句是由unless引导的条件状语从句，整体结构很清楚，可以翻译成“除非…，否则…”的句式。s0承接上文;句中还包含一个并列成分，即can educatethe people与has a good system of control相并列。
——公共英语三级听力疑难点讲解 (菁华3篇)
此类题型要求考生对听到的内容进行整体的把握和全面的领会。任何一段对话或独白都是围绕一个中心展开的，有时主旨大意较明显，有时则需要归纳。
此类题型常见的'提问方式有：
What are the two speakers talking about?
What are the two speakers doing?
What is the talk/dialogue about?
What’s the topic of the passage?
细节题主要是指用Wh-问题的形式对短文中有关人名、地名、时间、原因、数据、目的、年代等提出的问题，有时也包括是非判断题。由于是对细节的考查，这类题也有一定的难度。答题时除了要把握准有关细节信息，还要听清提问的角度和具体要求。这类提问方式不拘一格，依考查的内容而异，主要有以下几种形式：
According to the passage, when/where/who/what/why/how did...?
Which of the following adjectives best describes...?
Which of the following (statements)is true/ not true?
Which of the following is mentioned/not mentioned?
细节题以辨认题居多。有可能几个选项在文章中都有所提及，但只要仔细听，注意分别，就能在原文中找到各自的出处。
此类题型要求考生对听到的内容进行整体的把握和全面的领会。任何一段对话或独白都是围绕一个中心展开的，有时主旨大意较明显，有时则需要归纳。
此类题型常见的提问方式有：
What are the two speakers talking about?
What are the two speakers doing?
What is the talk/dialogue about?
What’s the topic of the passage?
——**英语英汉互译题常用的翻译技巧 (菁华3篇)
英语和汉语中都有肯定表达和否定表达。从原则上说，英语中的肯定表达最好翻译成汉语的肯定表达，英语的'否定表达最好翻译成汉语的否定表达。但是，在实际翻译中，二者的表达形式有时不一致，必须进行肯定和否定的转化。有时，原文为肯定句，译成汉语时为了增强修辞效果，可以译为否定句。反之亦然。
It was beyond my expectation that he came so early.我没料到他来这么早。
I knew him before I met you.我没遇见你之前就认识他了。
Nothing is more important than health.最重要的莫过于健康。
He did not go to bed until he finished the TV play.直到看完电视剧，他才去睡觉。
由于英汉两种语言在用词和语法结构上的差异，原文中的某些词语如果直译出来会使译文显得冗余罗嗦。在这种情况下，应该采用省译法。省译法通常是在不影响原文意义表达的前提下，将原文的某些冠词、代词、介词和连词等省去不译。
Smoking is prohibited in public places.公共场合不准吸烟。(省去in)
He reached out his hands for the book.他伸出双手去拿那本书。(省去his)
英语和汉语中都有肯定表达和否定表达。从原则上说，英语中的肯定表达最好翻译成汉语的肯定表达，英语的否定表达最好翻译成汉语的否定表达。但是，在实际翻译中，二者的表达形式有时不一致，必须进行肯定和否定的转化。有时，原文为肯定句，译成汉语时为了增强修辞效果，可以译为否定句。反之亦然。
It was beyond my expectation that he came so early.我没料到他来这么早。
I knew him before I met you.我没遇见你之前就认识他了。
Nothing is more important than health.最重要的莫过于健康。
He did not go to bed until he finished the TV play.直到看完电视剧，他才去睡觉。
——公共英语三级考前必背作文 (菁华3篇)
内容：
1. 表明祝贺原因
2. 对对方的品质，能力，或成就给予充分的肯定和赞扬
3. 表示祝愿
表示对对方未来的生活，事业，学业的美好祝愿，再次祝贺
开头：
1.I would like to sincerely congratulate you on your recent graduation from …(school) with your MBA(学位)
2.I hasten to tender you a word of congratulations on this splendid success.
3.I have received the invitation to your wedding， and as I cannot be present at that happy event， I write to offer my congratulations in person
4.I am heartily glad you are going to be married， and congratulate you upon the wisdom of your choice.
5.Congratulations most heartily upon the fulfillment of your hopes in a birth of a son.
正文：
1. I have noticed that you are bright and have a quick mind for business
2. I have always appreciated your never-failing professionalism
3. We are so proud of your diligence and skill.
Writing
According to some surveys done by the Ministry of Education, there are about 153 million illiterates and semi-illiterates in China. Its illiteracy rate in the western region is much higher than the countrys average level and it is as high as 40 percent. The rate for the countrys whole population stands at 14 percent. Write an essay of about 120 words, stating your opinion about this issue now confronting China.
「参考范文」
The task of educating a huge population can be challenging to any country. Though China has shown great concern and done much in education, and in eliminating illiteracy, it still has 153 million illiterate and semi-illiterate citizens, according to some statistics issued by the Ministry of Education. So, in my opinion, raising Chinas education level, to a large extent, depends on greater educational achievement in its vast western region and some other backward areas.
In the past decade, China has moved to combat illiteracy and promote nine years of compulsory schooling, especially in poor areas and areas inhabited by minorities, and has achieved a great success, but it seems a difficult task in regions where educational opportunities are limited. However, we should set a target that, by 2010, nine-year compulsory schooling should be realized and the illiteracy rate among young and middle-aged *s should be reduced to the minimum. Only in this way can China raise its national educational level.
Writing
An article in a newspaper once said: "As China strives to develop its western area, some effective measures should be taken to improve forestry in the region." Write an essay of about 120 words, stating what effective measures should be adopted to improve forestry in the western area.
「参考范文」
Over the past 10 years, China has made much headway in its afforestation and soil conservation. For instance, the national forest acreage has increased by 13.7 million hectares since the fourth national survey on forest resources in 1990. Despite these great achievements, some serious problems still remain to be solved such as how to improve forestry in the western area in the course of its economic development.
Forestry build-up in the west is a long-term task. In order to have this goal materialized, I think some concrete and effective measures should be taken immediately. For example, to protect the natural environment of the west, some previously cultivated areas should be returned to forest and grassland. In the course of improving forestry, some strict laws should made and their enforcement must be guaranteed. Those who violate forest protection laws must be severely punished. Only by taking these effective measures can forestry in the western area be improved.
——下半年公共英语三级考试报名时间 (菁华3篇)
| 级别/开考时间 | 上半年 | 下半年 |
| PETS-1B | 每年3月的第2个周六、周日 | 无 |
| PETS-1 | 每年3月的第2个周六、周日 | 每年9月的第2个周六、周日 |
| PETS-2 | 每年3月的第2个周六、周日 | 每年9月的第2个周六、周日 |
| PETS-3 | 每年3月的第2个周六、周日 | 每年9月的第2个周六、周日 |
| PETS-4 | 无 | 每年9月的第2个周六、周日 |
| PETS-5 | 每年6月的第3个周六、周日 | 每年12月的第3个周六、周日 |
1999年6月，教育部考试中心举行新闻发布会，向社会正式介绍PETS考试体系。同年九月PETS1~4考试在北京、天津、辽宁、浙江、山东、河南、广东等10省市试举行。2000年考试扩大到15省市，考试人数*100000人。1999年9月起有关单位用PETS-5考试正式取代了过去的WSKEPT考试。我国教育考试中心正在用PETS2、PETS4考试的标准改造高考与研究生考试中的英语考试。现正计划用PETS2考试分别取代自考公外的英语1级考试。
考试分笔试和口试两部分，内容包括：听力、语言知识、阅读、写作、口语。笔试和口试均合格者，由教育部考试中心颁发给《全国英语等级考试合格证书》。合格证书既可作为持有者英语能力水*的权威性证明;又可为各地各单位对其所用人才的英语水*提供一个公正、统一的评价尺度。
——公共英语三级听力重点难点讲解 (菁华3篇)
这种类型的考题主要考查学生对对话地点及人物去向的判断。其中既有直接提问的，也有间接提问的。
常见的提问形式有：
Where does the conversation probably take place?
Where is the woman going?
Where are the two speakers?
在这类考题中，选项大部分是表示地点场所的名词，同时需注意这些名词前的介词，如in a bank, in a dining-room, at the airport, at home, on the desk, on the floor等，这些介词对判断场所非常有帮助。另外，考生应集中注意力去捕捉那些“关键词”，抓住了“关键词”，做题就容易多了。以下是一些常考的地点及相关词，也就是刚才提及的“关键词”，需重点记忆：
学校(school)：required course, elective course, quiz, professor, thesis, make-up, credits, master, dormitory, department, lecture, essay, bookshelf, application form, entrance.
旅馆(hotel)：reception, book, reservation, tip, check in, single room, double room.
饭店(restaurant)、酒吧(bar)：menu, bill, drink, dessert, soup, steak, beer, appetizer, barbecue, cheese, cream, roast, beer, drink, wine, cafeteria, dining, saloon, pub, snack, bar, recipe.
商店(department store)：supermarket, dress, color, style, fashion, price, bargain, reasonable.
医疗(medical treatment)：doctor, nurse, patient, surgery, operation, medicine, dose, pill, temperature, headache, sore throat, bad cold, fever, cough, stomachache, heart disease, cancer.
火车(railway)、汽车(motor)、飞机(airplane)等交通设施：platform, traffic jam, airport, arrival time, departure, ticket agent, take off, board, land, flight, airlines, freight, passport, visa.
练*：
1. What does the woman mean?
[A] She knows the guy who will give the lecture.
[B] She thinks the lecture might be informative.
[C] She wants to add something to her lecture.
[D] She’ll finish her report this weekend.
2. Who are the two speakers?
[A] Teacher and student.
这种题型出现的频率很高，其特征是：第一个说话人所说的不是十分重要;第二个说话人的答话由两部分组成：先是一个简单的短句，紧接着是一个较长的句子，短句与长句之间常用but, though, however等转折意思的`词语连接，从而引起的作者态度及谈论重点的变化。
对话中对话者对他们谈论的人或事持什么观点或态度往往含而不露，考生只能根据对话内容的关键词、上下文甚至语气、语调的内涵意义并利用逻辑思维能力来进行判断，才能对传递的信息进行比较深层次的理解。具体表达观点、态度时，可能出现的模式有：间接表达式，不明说赞成或反对;反问否定式，常委婉地表示质疑和反对;委婉谢绝式，先表示肯定、赞成、谢意等，随后说出真实看法;看似否定实为肯定式，如 why not, I can’t agree any more 等。
常见的提问方式有：
How does the man/woman feel about...?
What does the man/woman think of...?
What does the man/woman say about...?
What does the man/woman mean?
——公共英语三级作文 (菁华5篇)
July 20, 2000
Dear Mrs. Smith,
My name is Chencheng.I am a final student of Anhui Agricultural University. I am currently seeking employment in which I could make full use of my English language skills. For this reason, I would be interested in any job vacancies available in your company. I am confident and enthusiastic, so although I have little work experience, I believe that my personal qualities will allow me to make a valuable contribution to your company.
I wish to work for Haier in particular because as a newly opened joint venture company in Hefei, I feel you could offer me the chance to work among Chinese and overseas employees in a morden and friendly environment.
I enclose my curriculum vitae; I am available for interview at any time. If there are no positions available at this time, I would be most grateful. If my application could be considered for future vacancies.
Yours sincerely,
Chencheng
Name of Applicant: Zhong Yong
Mailing Address: Flat 602, Building 98
Sibei Rd., Xiamen, Fujian Province, China
Email Address: zhyggu@dimk.com
Present Occupation: Teaching
Employer: the Education Bureau of Xiamen City
Programme of Study: English
Area of Specialization: Applied Linguistics
Degree: M.A.
Name of Reference: Lin Long
Mr.Zhong Yong graduated from the English Department of the Zhangzhou Teachers' College in 1998. During his college years, he achieved excellent results in study. He has some capacity to do research work and shows much promise as a college teacher.
Mr.Zhong Yong has a fairly good ability to read and speak English. He is, however, a bit weak in writing and must work harder to improve himself in this respect.
I recommend Mr.Zhong Yong and hope that he will be chosen as a college teacher.
Yours very truly,
Zhang Ping,
Directions: For this part you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic The most unforgettable Person I ever Know. You should write at least 120 words and base your composition on the outline below:
1、 我生活中最难忘的人是
2、 为什么他(或她)令我难以忘怀
3、 结论
In my life I have met many people who are really worth recalling. But perhaps the most unforgettable person I ever know is my English teacher.
What frequently brings back memories of my school teacher is his special qualities. First of all, he gave us the greatest gift a teacher can offeran awakening of a passion for learning. He not only led us to an appreciation of the beauty and perfection of English language and literature, but also aroused our great interest in explorating something deeper in this field. Second, I was attracted by his lively wit. I remember that we students always anticipated his class with great eagerness because his lecture were humorously delivered, never failing to provoke chuckles or loud laughs.
Although it is nearly two years since I attended his last class, he is the talk of our old classmates, and I know part of him has already stayed in my heart.
It has turned out that com*rs have become quite indispensable to education. With com*rs,students can do their homework more quickly and more efficiently; with com*rs,teachers can reduce their work load and improve their teaching. For instance,com*rs can free teachersfromcertain kinds of time-consuming bookkeeping; help teachers "bank" test items,thus greatly reducing the time required to produce a new test,and mark test papers. More importantly,they can ***yze test results,indicating to the teacher which points may need further treatment in class.
They can also make it possible for a teacher in the classroom to give individual attention to students who are having trouble in their studies. While the rest of a class is working on an educational program,the teacher can take the time to work directly with a student who is falling behind. So it goes without saying that com*rs are extremely important in education at all levels.
Water is a precious resource. Although we are surrounded by it in oceans,lakes,rivers and streams,our sup* is limited. The chart given shows that most of the water on earth-97.4 percent-is salt water stored in oceans. Only 2.6 percent of the earths water is fresh water,and 2 percent is locked up in ice caps and glaciers. Thus the fresh water left for us to use is only 0.6 percent of the total water sup*.
There will never be any more fresh water than there is now. In fact,the earth is short of fresh water. Besides,the increasing growth of the world population,the growing demand of industry for water,the serious pollution of our environment-all this makes the world in danger of running out of fresh water. In some large cities such as Tianjin,fresh water cannot meet the daily needs.
Since water is essential to all life and the sup* limited,we must manage it intelligently and carefully.
——**高考学位英语复*方法
**高考学位英语复*方法
**高考取得的学历文凭同普通高等教育、自学考试获得的学历文凭一样，都属于国民教育系列学历文凭之一，下面介绍**高考学位英语复*方法，希望这些内容可以帮助到您。
第一，**高考学位英语难度
参加**高考的方式选择本科段的学*是可以申请学位的，这个学位的申请需要大家学位英语合格，这个英语的难度就是大学英语三级的难度，只要大家认真学*想要通过考试的话难度并不是很大，因此想要拿到学位的人好好复*会克服这个难度的。
第二，**高考学位英语复*的时候要多读多记
大家在学*英语的时候读是很重要的，读出来对于记忆也是有加强的作用的.，大家在读的时候最好是找到一个空旷的地方大声朗读，这样对于读音的练*和记忆的锻炼都是有利的，尤其是读一些句子或者文章既有利于单词的记忆也有利于阅读理解的做题效率。
第三，**高考学位英语复*时多做题
做题是检验学*的一种标准，这样的放肆还可以让大家认识到自己的不足之处，知道哪里需要重点学*知道哪里掌握的不是很好，还有就是做题对于考生考试的做题速度有锻炼以及应对各种题型的经验积累。尤其是历年真题多做这样的试卷对于考生参加学位英语的考试有很大的帮助。
——大学英语三级b作文范文五份
Different people have different hobbies. Hobbies are activities in which one participates for amusement. A hobbys can be anything, such as listening to music, playing various musical instruments, reading books, collecting stamps, going for sports and so on. It mainly depends on one’s interest and character.
There is no doubt that hobbies have a great influence on people’s life and society. Good hobbies can benefit people in many ways. They are both helpful to people’s growth and development, either physically or spiritually. On the other hand, bad hobbies are harmful to people. For example. Excessive drinking and smoking not only affect study and work but also hurt one’s mind and body.
Today, when the couples get married, they care about whether they need to live with parents. Most couples can’t reach agreement when they come to this issue. It seems that old people need to live with their children to seek for better care. But the fact is not, old people generally do not want live with the young people.
现在，每当一对新人结婚的时候，他们都关心是否需要与父母一起生活。大多数夫妻在这个问题上都无法达成一致。似乎老年人跟孩子住一起就是为了寻求更好的照顾。但事实是，老人们通常不希望和年轻人住在一起。
On the one hand, old people know exactly the gap between the young generation and their generation. The lifestyle will be very different. They get up early and wake up timely, while the young people like to stay up and they tend to make up sleep on weekends. If they live together, the timetable will be interrupted by each other and both can’t live happily.
一方面，老人知道年轻一代和他们这一代之间的差距。生活方式会非常不同。他们早起，醒来的时间也固定，而年轻人喜欢熬夜，喜欢在周末补觉。如果他们生活在一起，彼此的时间表会被打乱，过得也不开心。
On the other hand, it is easy to have argument if people stay together for a long time, no matter how nice they are at the beginning. The new couple will have their problem, while if the old people interfere, then things will be miserable. So it is better to stay off the argument.
另一方面，不管刚开始关系有多好，如果呆在一起的时间长了就很容易有矛盾。新婚夫妇会有他们自己的问题，如果老人干预，那么事情将变得更加不可收拾。所以最好是远离矛盾。
Now most parents choose to live not far away from their children, because staying the small distance brings benefit to both sides.
现在大多数家长选择生活在离他们的孩子不远的地方，因为保持一定的距离给双方带来好处。
Youth is a precious gift and a golden time in our life. When we are young , we are strong and healthy. It is the time for us to prepare ourselves to become responsible citizens.
Youth comes only once in a lifetime, therefore, it is important that we should not waste those years in idleness and bad living. This is also the time when our memories are best. We are able to learn more during this time than when we become older. During our younger years, we have the enthusiasm to set high goals for ourselves. We also try to overcome obstacles which are placed in our way.
If we realize how precious youth is, we will be fulfilled when we are young as well as when we are older. If we waste our youth, we will spend the rest of our lives wishing we could be young again.
I always wanted to raise a pet, but my mother refused because I even couldn’t look after myself well. But recently, my mother changed her attitude, she bought me a lovely cat as my birthday gift. I was very happy and promised to keep it well. Since raising this lovely creature, I became patient. When I bathed her, she struggled and tried to run away, then I had to grab it back. The most important thing was to feed food on time and clean the place that the cat lived. Sometimes I felt so dirty to do it, but I had made my promise and couldn’t break my words. I learned a lot from raising a pet. I started to consider my mother’s feelings when I became naughty. I needed to make some changes and be a better girl.
Everything seems fresh to me when I entered the college.
My college life is entirely different from the the life in high school.College life is an important stage in my life.
The campus looked very large and there were so many buildings. I was very excited and curious when the first class began. I have a great number of new schoolmates who came from different parts of the country. In the library, there were so many books and several bright reading-rooms. I was determined to study hard.
I lived at the dormitory, not at home, as did in high school. The great difference, I feel, is that at college I should study all by myself.
It is in college that I began to live and study by myself, even plan further for myself. Meanwhile, in college I will change and become matured and fully grown up, both physically and mentally
True friends
